Footnotes

1.To view a text of the international human rights instruments, visit the website of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.unhchr.ch/. Most of New Zealand 's human rights obligations are summarised in the Handbook on International Human Rights (2nd ed.) by the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade (2003). [Return to chapter ]

2.The more formal term for this group is mandate refugees, while spontaneous refugees are called convention refugees ( Operations Manual , New Zealand Immigration Service, 1999). [Return to chapter ]

3. Environmental refugees are people who have been forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently, because of an environmental disruption that has jeopardised their existence or seriously affected their quality of life (Black, 2001). [Return to chapter ]

4.See also Article 32(2) Refugee Convention. [Return to chapter ]

5. New Zealand ratified the CAT in 1989 and the Children's Convention in 1993. [Return to chapter ]

6. A grant of refugee status is not the same as citizenship, but rather recognition of a temporary status pending a durable solution (Kindley, 1998). [Return to chapter ]

7. UNGA Res.428(V) December 1950. [Return to chapter ]

8. Section 60 of the Immigration Amendment Act 1999: Schedule 6. [Return to chapter ]

9. Immigration Service Fact Pack #17, www.immigration.govt.nz [Return to chapter ]

10. At the time of writing the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee had just conducted an examination of the Convention and supported its ratification. [Return to chapter ]

11. While the majority were positive about the process, a determining factor might well have been the fact that those interviewed were successful in their claim for refugee status. [Return to chapter ]

12. This was most recently questioned in Attorney-General v Refugee Council of New Zealand [2003] 2 NZLR 572. [Return to chapter ]

13. This is in contrast to many countries - even the less affluent EU countries - which guarantee full access to both asylum seekers and refugees: Danish Refugee Council (2000, July) Report on Legal and Social Conditions for Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Western Countries. [Return to chapter ]

14. A policy to be introduced incrementally from 2004 is intended to alleviate extra burdens on public health services. While the policy will impact most on migrants, it also has implications for refugees. Potential quota refugees are screened for TB and a maximum of 20 HIV positive people only will be accepted in any year as part of the resettlement quota. [Return to chapter ]

15. See also UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty.[Return to chapter ]

16. Article 23 of the ICCPR. [Return to chapter ]